Volcano||THE APPU WORLD

VALCANO

On Earth, volcanoes are often found where tectonic plates move or collide, and most are found underwater. For example, an inland wall, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanic eruptions caused by different tectonic plates and the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanic eruptions caused by flexible tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where the plateau expands and shrinks, such as the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. A volcano far from the plate boundaries has been postponed to emerge from the rising parts from the edge of the plate, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth's crust. This triggers a volcanic eruption, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is a prime example. Volcanoes are usually not created when two tectonic plates slide over.

A massive explosion could affect the atmosphere as ash and sulfuric acid droplets attack the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by winters that have caused catastrophic famine.

The name volcano comes from the name Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Italian Aeolian Islands whose name comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. Volcanology research is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth's lithosphere, with its solid outer shell, is divided into sixteen large plates and a few smaller plates. This slows down, due to the interaction of the ductile subcutaneous tissue, and most of the volcanic activity on Earth is carried out by plate boundaries, where the plates meet (and the lithosphere is destroyed) or varies (and a new lithosphere is formed)

The most common notion of a volcano is that of a conical mountain, with a crater at its summit ejecting lava and toxic gases; However, it describes just one of the many types of volcanoes. The characteristics of volcanoes are much more complex and their structure and behavior depends on many factors. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than summit craters, while others have largely plateau-like landscape features. Vents releasing volcanic material (including lava and ash) and gases (mainly steam and magmatic gases) can develop anywhere on the landform and give rise to small cones such as the Puu on the edge of Kilauea, Hawaii. Other types of volcanoes include cryovolcanoes (or ice volcanoes), particularly on some of the moons of Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune; and mud volcanoes, which are formations that are often not associated with known magmatic activity. Active mud volcanoes involve much lower temperatures than igneous volcanoes, except when a mud volcano is actually the vent of an igneous volcano.

Erupted volcano

Shield volcanoes, named for their broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by low-viscosity lava eruptions that flow considerable distances from a crater. They are not usually catastrophic, but are characterized by relatively sensitive carrier explosions. Since low-viscosity magma is generally lower in silica, shield volcanoes are more likely to be found in the ocean than in continental settings. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is a series of shield cones, and they are also common in Iceland.

Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) are volcanic peaks formed by the flow of lava and tephra in various ways, a thread that gives rise to the term. Volcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes because they were formed in many structures during various eruptions. Ancient examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.

The ash produced by the eruption of stratovolcos has historically been a major threat to volcanic civilization. The lavas of stratovolcanoes are much higher in silk, so they look much better, than lavas from the mountains. High-silica lavas also tend to contain more soluble gas. The compound is deadly, fueling massive ash eruptions, and pyroclastic surgeons similar to the one that destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre in Martinique in 1902. The Stratovolcano Mountains are also stronger than the volcanoes, with slopes of 30-35 ° compared to the typical slopes of 5-10 °, and their open tephra record of dangerous lahars. Large pieces of tephra are called volcanic bombs. Larger bombs can measure up to 4 meters (1.2 meters) on one side and weigh several tons.

Water volcanoes are a common sight at sea. The volcanic activity during the Holocene Epoch was recorded only in 119 aquatic volcanoes. but there may be more than one million active volcanoes. In shallow waters, tropical volcanoes express their presence by blasting smoke and rocky outcrops above sea level. In deep sea pits, high water pressure prevents the release of explosives and gases; however, ocean currents can be detected by hydrophones and changes in water color due to volcanic gases. Pillow lava is a continuous product of underwater volcanoes and is characterized by a strong sequence of underwater pillows that form underwater. Even large eruptions may not affect the ocean floor, due to the rapid cooling effect and rising water pressure (compared to the wind), which often causes volcanoes to form deep ocean poles. Hydrothermal pipelines are common near these volcanoes, and some support a separate area based on chemotrophs that feed on dissolved minerals. Over time, the formation of submarine volcanoes can be so large that they can break the ocean like new islands or apartments.

In May and June 2018, many earthquake signals were received by seismic observers around the world. They took unusual sounds, and some of the symptoms found in November of that year lasted 20 minutes. A maritime research campaign in May 2019 revealed that thunderstorms had previously been caused by the construction of a sea volcano on the coast of Mayotte.

Magnetic explosions are driven by gas emissions due to inflation. Magma of low viscosity with low melted gas produces very small explosions. The high-viscosity magma with a high content of dissolved gas produces a violent explosion. The range of visual explosion styles is illustrated by historical examples.

Hawaii eruptions are typical of volcanic volcanic eruptions with low gas content. These are almost fully functional, producing local fire springs and a stream of very wet mud but little tephra in comparison. They are called Hawaiian volcanoes.

Strombolian explosions are characterized by moderate viscosities and melted gas levels. They are characterized by frequent but temporary eruptions that can produce large explosive columns of feet meters in height. Their main product is scoria. They are named after Stromboli.

Vulcanian eruptions are characterized by very high viscosities and crystallization in the magma segment, which is usually in the middle of construction. The explosion happened as a temporary explosion within a few hours, shattering the central dome and releasing large blocks and bombs. This is followed by a functional phase that reconstructs the central dome. The Vulcanian eruption is named after the Vulcano.

The Peléan eruption is still large, characterized by dome growth and collapse leading to various pyroclastic flows. They are named after Mount Pelée.

Plinian eruption is the most active volcanic eruption. They are characterized by large explosive columns that continue to collapse producing catastrophic pyroclastic flow. They are named after Pliny the Younger, who chronicles the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

The magnitude of the eruption is shown using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), ranging from 0 of Hawaii's volcanoes to eight volcanic eruptions.

There is no consensus among volcanologists as to how an “active” volcano can be defined. The lifespan of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such differences sometimes insignificant in comparison with human health or civilization. For example, most of the world's volcanoes have erupted several times in the last few thousand years but are now showing no signs of eruption. Given the longevity of such volcanoes, they are extremely effective. In human life, however, that is not the case.

The extinct volcanoes are the only ones that scientists look forward to because they can no longer erupt. Examples of extinct volcanoes in Hawaii - Emperor chainount in the Pacific Ocean (although other volcanoes east of the series are active), Hohentwiel in Germany, Shiprock in New Mexico, US, Zuidwal volcano in the Netherlands, and many Italian volcanoes such as Monte Vulture. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is located on the extinct volcano, Arthur's Seat. Whether a volcano is extinct is often difficult to determine. Since the "supervolcano" calderas can sometimes erupt for millions of years, a caldera that has not produced an eruption in tens of thousands of years can be considered extinct instead of extinct.

Volcano eruption
Animation

The moon of Jupiter Io is the most active volcano in the solar system due to its interaction with waves with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanic eruptions, sulfur dioxide, and silicate rock, and as a result, Io is constantly being renewed. Its thermal fabrics are well-known anywhere in the solar system, with temperatures above 1,800 K (1,500 ° C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruption on a solar system occurred in Io. Europe, the youngest moon of Jupiter in Galilee, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its entire volcanic activity is in the form of water, freezing over a cold surface. This process is known as cryovolcanism, and it is apparently most common in the lunar eclipses of the solar system.

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